Senses and Perception - Somatic Anatomy

Please use for your study - but do not share them on your facebook page- it has taken me 15 years to compile these images - thank you!

1. Intro

Our senses connect us and illuminate the world for us. In this workshop we will travel through the senses, their embryological origins, their function and integration into our lives: Touch, taste, balance,equilibrium, proprioception, hearing, smelling and vision, as well as interoception….and let us not forget our ability to perceive VIBRATION.

Going into the Senses at the end of year ONE of your training means that we have set up our bodies to locomote, move, dance and explore the world, relationships, as well as the material in this training. This is the way a baby adds in the senses, one by one they expand and become more prominent in guiding the child’s actions. We are following the mylienation path of the senses embryonically, then moving through the developmental movement patterns. Here we will experience the baby being born with a strong sense of combining movement and touch experience, and then with gravity the proprioceptors start adding in much more feedback for their movement.

This trio of moving, while receiving feedback from the muscle spindles, the touch sensors and proprioceptors in the joints and skin gives information on space and time that the brain can begin to weave a 3 dimensional sense of movement. This “practicing” starts to incorporate the extra senses of smell, taste, hearing and seeing as well as the inner sensations of the organs, the heart, temperature - general wellbeing. The brain also charts the emotions that flow through the relating, nursing, playing and exploring that babies do.

Now the brain knows what is possible and can plan. So whenever you get tired or confused of sensing: go back to movement! Free up the sensing, go to your feelings, your impulses, rhythms and play: the senses RIDE movement - sensing does not develop in a vacuum, it develops in relationship, in family, in nature, in community. Lets begin!

At the training somatizations and movement explorations will allow you to discover their own pathways of these special senses and their role in development. We will learn through movement, touch and discussion, how scientific-based information is embodied into experience.

2. Cellular Fluid

Cellular Fluid

Cellular fluid is the place where most of the fluid in the body is contained . This fluid is located within the cell membrane and contains water, electrolytes and proteins.

The cytoplasm , cellular fluid plus all the organelles in the cell, exists in distinct fluid and solid phases depending on the level of interaction between cytoplasmic components, which may explain the differential dynamics of different particles observed moving through the cytoplasm. It is within the cytoplasm that most cellular activities occur, such as many metabolic pathways including glycolysis, and processes such as cell division.

Cellular fluid is the primary fluid state, comprising approximately 65% of the total volume of the body. It is within this fluid that the primary life functions take place. Within each cell, all elements are suspended in the cellular fluid. The cell membrane is the structure which differentiate cellular from intercellular fluid. The permeability of the cell membrane determines the flow of intercellular fluid carrying nutrients in and waste out of its walls.
The cellular fluid is its own physiological rhythm. It is manifested as a continuous filling and emptying of all cells throughout the body and is referred to as cellular breathing. Cellular breathing, or internal respiration, is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide on the cellular level.
Cellular Fluid is the fluid of present existence, Being in the cellular fluid is the state of absolute rest and moment-by-moment presence. Here is home – nothing to do, nowhere to go. All is now. Characteristic qualities of cellular fluid are: presence, beingness, absolute rest. — Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen

Membrane

Text Here

Here you can perceive the serene nature of complete cellsTake some time to sit in the completeness of your cells, meditate rest, be in your wholeness, what is it like to be in the body of a cell? — *Here you can perceive the serene nature of complete cells*
*Take some time to sit in the completeness of your cells, meditate rest, be in your wholeness, what is it like to be in the body of a cell?*

*This shows the aliveness and intelligence of the cell wall - Tune into that innate intelligence, Touch yourself and others with the awe of this floating and aware layer surrounding all our cells*

3. Interstitial Fluid

InterCellular Fluid

The intercellular fluid surrounds all the cells of the body. Nourishment is brought to the cells through this fluid. After cellular metabolism, excess nutrients and waste are extracted from the cell back into the intracellular fluid where it is picked up by either the venous capillaries or the lymphatic vessels.

There are several varieties of connective tissues that serve to connect, support and bind the body's tissues together. These tissues are found throughout the body and are comprised of various fibers within a fluid environment. Intercellular fluid, tissue fluid, and interstitial fluid are all names for this clear, gelled liquid.

THE INTERCELLULAR FLUID (tissue fluid) is the foundation of vitality and flow of power through the organs and muscles. It is the ocean wherein the cells dwell. Activation of the movement of the tissue fluid provides a peripheral pump in the muscles that propel fluid from the periphery back to the heart.
Characteristic qualities of intercellular fluid are vitality, strength, fluid muscularity, sensuous, sponginess, peripheral pump, activity oriented, active involvement with the outer environment. — Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen

Interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid, or intercellular fluid) is a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells - rest while traveling through these spaces or move from these fluid streams….

On average, a person has about 11 litres of interstitial fluid providing the cells of the body with nutrients and a means of waste removal. The hydrostatic pressure is generated by the pumping force of the heart. And tissue pump. It pushes water out of the capillaries.

Each cell in the body of a multicellular organism is somewhat specialized and cannot survive independant from other cells. Because a cell is dependant on other cells it can only survive in a specific environment (milieu). This internal environment, also called cell milieu, is a thin layer of fluid, namely the tissue fluid or interstitial fluid which envelopes and bathes the living cells of the body.

Fluid Physiology

Interstitial fluid (ISF) consists of all the bits of fluid which lie in the interstices of all body tissues. This is also a ‘virtual’ fluid (ie it exists in many separate small bits but is spoken about as though it was a pool of fluid of uniform composition in the one location). The ISF bathes all the cells in the body and is the link between the ICF and the intravascular compartment. Oxygen, nutrients, wastes and chemical messengers all pass through the ISF. ISF has the compositional characteristics of ECF (as mentioned above) but in addition it is distinguished by its usually low protein concentration (in comparison to plasma).

*Here you can see the interstitial fluid as well as the connective tissue fibers that float in as well as connect cells*

4. Blood

Nutrients reach the intercellular fluid through the blood. The blood is a living tissue in a liquid state. Ninety-two percent of blood is a clear liquid, the rest is cellular material which is almost entirely red blood cells and which gives the blood its non-clear appearance. All the other fluids in the body are essentially clear.

The heart pumps fresh nutrient-and-oxygen-rich blood out through the arteries, moving through smaller and smaller arterial vessels until it reaches the arterial capillaries. Here, through the process of diffusion, the nutrient-filled fluid in the blood passes out through the capillary membranes into the intercellular fluid, and from there passes through the cell membranes into the cellular fluid. After the cell nourishes itself, the extra nutrients and by-products pass out through the cell membrane back into the intercellular fluid. From there, 90% of it diffuses back into the blood system through the venous capillaries and is carried via increasingly larger veins, back to the heart.

Capillaries

The blood circulates through a closed loop system, with the heart at one end of the circuit and the capillary isorings at the other end. The arteries carry the blood from the heart to the capillary beds and the veins carry the blood from the capillary beds to the heart. The isorings are the theoretical and fluctuating places of transition in the capillary beds where the arterial flow through the capillaries becomes the venous flow through the capillaries.

The process underlying the movement of the fluids through the capillary walls is diffusion, which is the flow of fluids through a semi-permeable membrane (capillary wall) is from a lesser concentrated fluid (less nutrients and gases) to a higher concentrated fluid. In the isoring, through the process of diffusion, the fluid moves from the arterial capillaries into the intercellular fluid, and from the intercellular fluid into the venous capillaries.

ARTERIAL FLOW travels away from the heart and is an expression of the heartbeat based on precise pulse, alternating action and rest. Characteristic qualities of arterial blood flow are pulsating, rhythmic, active, assertive, flowing outward from the heart.

The VENOUS FLOW travels toward the heart and is ever cyclic, wavelike movement, alternately rising and falling.Characteristic qualities of venous blood flow are wavelike, continuous, neverending,rising/falling, ebb and flow, nurturing, flowing inward toward the heart.

[ADD SOMETHING ABOUT BONE BLOOD?]

5. Lymph

The other 10% of the fluid that passes into the intercellular fluid moves into the lymphatic system where it is filtered. The lymph vessels originate in the intercellular fluid and serve to pick up large protein molecules and foreign substances within the tissue fluid and to transport them to strategic lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue (spleen, tonsils, etc.) where they are processed. The freshly cleaned lymph fluid is then carried onward by lymph vessels which empty back into the bloodstream at a vein near the vena cava, the large vein that enters the heart.

The lymphatic fluid system functions as the defense system of the body. Through its system of vessels, the lymph moves in towards the center of the body from the periphery – from the intercellular fluid where the vessels originate. Fluid is essentially tissue fluid which has entered the lymph vessels carrying protein molecules that are too big to pass through the membranous walls of the venous capillaries. The superficial vessels travel through the superficial fascia under the skin and the deep vessels generally follow the deep veins, with the main reservoir, the cysterna chyli, being located in front of the second lumbar vertebra.
One of the lymph's primary functions is to remove from the intercellular fluid excessive proteins that are too large to pass through the venous capillary walls. Excessive protein can be infection or it can be cancer tissue. We take in many more nourishing substances than we need, so we store it for later use, or eliminate it. When we have too much we often call that toxic. So our blood, lymph, tissue fluid, and CSF are purified both by elimination of excessive "good" things, as well as giving off "bad" things. Therefore, the lymphatic flow is important in breaking down excess of richness and filtering harmful substances.
The removal of these excess substances also serves to reduce the concentration of matter in the intercellular fluid, thereby facilitating the flow of fluids between the cells in the blood circulatory system. When the lymph system is not functioning properly, fluid collects in the intercellular tissues and swelling occurs. — Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen

Do Lymph vessels have muscles?

There are both extrinsic and intrinsic factors that influence lymph flow.

Collecting lymph vessels are covered by a thin layer of smooth muscle cells, which provides the intrinsic contractility of lymphatic collectors. Together with intraluminal valves, their active contraction support unidirectional lymph flow against an increasing pressure gradient.

Extrinsic factors include the passive movement of lymph by contractions of striated muscles (e.g., during walking), as well as by nearby arteries, which through vasomotion can conduct their pulsation to lymph nodes. Chemicals including nitric oxide affect the blood and lymph vessels andhave a strong influence on the contractility.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124719306795

Interstitial Fluid Collection Flow through Lymph

Once interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic vessels, it is called lymph. Lymphatic vessels form a one-way system in which lymph only flows toward the heart. Lymph transport begins at the very tip of microscopic lymphatic capillaries. These capillaries weave through tissue cells and blood capillaries in loose connective tissues of the body.

Interstitial fluid, collected by the initial lymphatic capillary plexus, is transported by pre-collector lymphatic vessels to larger collecting lymphatic vessels and returned to the circulation through the thoracic duct. Collecting lymphatic vessels have smooth muscle cell coverage (red) and luminal valves to propel and maintain unidirectional lymph flow. Deep lymphatic vessels run along arteries and veins. Lymphatic vessels are linked to the extracellular matrix by anchoring filaments. The latter are very thin (4–10 nm) fibrillin-containing filaments, which are inserted into the endothelial cell plasma membrane.

From the lymphatic capillaries lymph flows through larger and thicker-walled channels – first, collecting vessels, then trunks, and finally the largest vessels, the ducts. The collecting lymphatic vessels have the same three tunics as veins, but the collecting vessels have thinner walls and more internal valves. Generally lymphatic vessels in the skin travel along with superficial veins, while the deep lymphatic vessels travel with deep arteries.

The largest collecting vessels unite to form lymphatic trunks, which drain fairly large areas of the body. The major trunks, which are named after the regions of the body they drain lymph from, are the paired lumbar, bronchomediastinal,subclavian, and jugular trunks, and the single intestinal trunk. Lymph is eventually delivered to one of the two large ducts in the thoracic region. The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax. The thoracic duct (which is much larger) receives lymph from the rest of the body. It arises as enlarged sac called the cisterna chyli, that collects lymph from the two large lumbar trunks that drain the lower limbs and from the intestinal trunk that drains the digestive organs. As the thoracic duct runs superiorly, it receives lymphatic drainage from the left side of the thorax, left upper limb, and the left side of the head. Each terminal duct empties its lymph into the venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein in its own side of the body.

The cells in lymph nodes help to destroy infection, virus, or harmful cells, such as cancer cells

6. Synovial Fluid

The synovial fluid is the fluid of the skeletal system and is produced in the synovial membranes of the joints. It keeps the joints lubricated and nourished. The fluid is contained within its membrane and exchanges nutrients and waste products with the blood and lymph via the intercellular fluid. — Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen

Synovium is a connective tissue membrane that lines the cavity between joints and secretes a lubricating fluid known as the synovial fluid.

The inner membrane of synovial joints is called the synovial membrane and secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity, which:

· Protects joint space

· Reduces friction

· Resists/ disperses shock

· Lubricates

· Responds with fluid cushion

· Supplies joints with oxygen and nutrients

· Cools, or distributes heat from movement?

A bursa is a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous fluid (similar in consistency to that of a raw egg white). It provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint.

There are four types of bursa: adventitious, subcutaneous, synovial, and sub-muscular. Among these, only adventitious is non-native. When any surface of the body is subjected to repeated stress, an adventitious bursa develops under it. Examples are Students' elbow and bunion. Bursa is Latin for purse

The synovial membrane attaches to the margins of the joint surfaces at the interface between the cartilage and bone and encloses the articular cavity. The synovial membrane is highly vascular and produces synovial fluid, which percolates into the articular cavity and lubricates the articulating surfaces. Closed sacs of synovial membrane also occur outside joints where they form synovial bursae or tendon sheaths. Bursae often intervene between structures, such as tendons and bone, tendons and joints, or skin and bone, and reduce the friction of one structure moving over the other. Tendon sheaths surround tendons and also reduce friction.
The fibrous membrane is formed by dense connective tissue and surrounds and stabilizes the joint. Parts of the fibrous membrane may thicken to form ligaments, which further stabilize the joint. Ligaments outside the capsule usually provide additional reinforcement. (http://bodysystem7.blogspot.com/2012/06/joints.html)

Joints are cushioned by small fluid-filled sacs called bursae , but stabilized by tough bands of fibrous connective tissue called t ligaments and tendons

This fluid contains hyaluronic acid secreted by fibroblast-like cells, called synoviocytes in the synovial membrane and interstitial fluid filtered from the blood plasma.

Synovial fluid is not a static pool, but is continually being absorbed and replenished by the synovial lining of the joint cavity (synovium, synovial intima), which is approximately 20 ,m thick (rabbit knee) to approximately 60 pm thick (human knee). The three key elements for fluid turnover are the synovial capillary, synovial interstitium, and the lymphatic drainage system.
Synovial fluid is formed primarily by ultrafiltration of plasma across the fenestral membranes, driven by a net imbalance in the 'Starling pressures' acting across the membrane. The Starling pressure imbalance is the pressure drop from capillary plasma to synovial interstitium, minus the difference in effective colloidal osmotic pressure (COP) across the capillary wall. Although capillary ultrafiltrate is the raw material for synovial fluid formation, the synovial lining cells also actively secrete the glyosaminoglycan hyaluronan and the glycoprotein lubricin to produce the highly viscous, lubricating synovial fluid.
Effect of joint motion and angle. Intra-articular fluid pressure (IAP) is an important factor affecting net flow across synovial interstitium: it opposes capillary filtration by increasing pericapillary interstitial pressure, and it promotes drainage from joint cavity to subsynovium.
IAP is affected by movement of a joint, linking joint motion to fluid transport.
Synovial lymphatic system. A plexus of terminal lymph vessels is found at the subsynoviumsynovium border and drains away fluid, macromolecules, and particles that have escaped from the joint cavity. (http://ard.bmj.com/content/54/5/417.full.pdf)

As you will see in Training, we are able to palpate and determine the consistency and chemical make-up of fluids of fluids with touch, and also notice the temperature differences related to the analysis below. The slide below shows what you might notice in a client.

7. Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid produced in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain. It acts as a cushion or buffer for the brain's cortex, providing basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull as well as transporting nutrients to and products away from the nerve tissues.

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the fluid of the nervous system. As there is no lymph in the central nervous system (CNS), the CSF provides the cleansing function there. It also plays an important shock-absorbing function. CSF is produced in the ventricles (spaces) within the brain and flows in channels surrounding the brain and spinal cord and then passes into the dural sinuses (between the membranes covering the brain) where it is emptied into the veins which return the fluid to the heart. I feel that in addition to this traditional view of the flow of the CSF within the central nervous system, that the CSF also travels peripherally (outside of the CNS) along the cranial and spinal nerves and empties into the intercellular fluid throughout the body.

The CSF is the fluid of the nervous system. It flows from the center of the body (central nervous system) to the periphery (all cells). Produced in the ventricles of the brain, it moves down along the spinal cord and continues out through the cranial and spinal nerves into the tubules of the fascia where it empties into the intercellular fluid the connective tissues and then into all the cells of the body, and from the cells cycle back to the heart through the veins and lymphatic vessels. The CSF also flows out of the brain via the dural sinuses which drain into the veins, whereby the fluid returns to the heart.

The CSF is clear and very slow moving, its movement is powered by the cranial sacral/coccygeal pump (movement between the skull in the tail). It has its own rhythmic cycle called the CSF Rhythm (CSFR) which is different than the blood pulse and respiratory rhythms. Like the blood pulse, the CSFR can be felt in all parts of the body. It is a subtle, yet perceivable, cyclic movement between the filling phase (when CSF being produced) and the emptying phase (when CSF is being absorbed). During the filling phase, all the bones of the body minimally but perceivably flex, abduct and/or externally rotate. During the emptying phase the bones minimally extend, adduct and/or internally rotate. Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen

*Place your hand under your partners occiput and sacrum and observe and follow the movements*

*CSF will slowly seep along the nerve pathways along the nerves - notice the expansive sense of time when you follow this route...WIll you ever arrive?*

8. Fascia

Fascia can also be a fluid

This first picture beautifully shows how our breathing. Lungs accomplish breathing by offering our circulation system immense access to the air we are breathing. What you see here are the arteries and veins that enter and return to the heart. What you see below is how they eventually end up encircling surrounding and eventually becoming the alveoli.

You are creating millions and millions of alveoli at the end of the branching bronchi, supported by cartelidge into tissues that, as you can see in this image have beautiful looping muscles. What you can’t see here is how fine the lung membrane actually is is Again, the body has created a membrane that is both very strong yet pliable, yet very light and thin. And what might the yellow strands around the alveoli be?

In the image from Grey’s anatomy, you see how the vertebra is central; how the different arteries and veins group together near the protection of the spinal cord and how there is space between the ribs and the lungs. There is a ‘skin’ or sac around the heart and around the lungs.

9. Fat

Fat Power

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10. Periorgan Fluid

11. Transitional Fluid

Transcellular Fluid

Transcellular fluid is a small compartment that represents all those body fluids which are formed from the transport activities of cells. It is contained within epithelial lined spaces. It includes CSF, GIT fluids, bladder urine, aqueous humour and joint fluid.

It is important because of the specialised functions involved. The fluid fluxes involved with GIT fluids can be quite significant.

The electrolyte composition of the various transcellular fluids are quite dissimilar and typical values or ranges for some of these fluids are distinct.

The total body water is divided into compartments and useful physiological insight and some measure of clinical predictability can be gained from this approach even though most of these fluid compartments do not exist as discrete real fluid collections.

12. Embryology

13. Touch and Movement Principles

14. Integration

The senses do not act alone - they coordinate with other senses : we have access to a 3 dimensional sensory matrix that puts our experience and then our expectations of an experience to gage a new experience. Imagine you arrive home, expecting the house to be dark and the dog to come racing up to you as soon as you turn the key in the lock, yet you arrive home with bright lights and no dog: you will now pay attention and think about that discrepancy, before you enter.

Senses can replace one another: Blind people can develop a keen sense of taste and hearing, people with equilibrium problems can use their eyes to know what is up and down. If you lose your smell, you will look more carefully at the meat you are about to cook, for visual signs of mold or shininess.